中國這幾年信息化的發(fā)展已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)很多概念和熱點(diǎn),從云計算到物聯(lián)網(wǎng),智慧城市到大數(shù)據(jù),到現(xiàn)在的人工智能這一波熱浪。這些熱浪一定要落地下來,為制造業(yè)服務(wù)。對于中國人工智能的發(fā)展而言,最重要的問題還是要解決中國的制造業(yè)發(fā)展問題。如果制造業(yè)的智能化上不去,中國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的脊梁就不夠堅實(shí)。
the second year of the invention of commercial electronic computers, a company in the United States developed a numerical control device to develop the first three-coordinate CNC milling machine. Although the milling machine is bulky and expensive, it opens up a new era of digital control. In 1958, the United States developed the first processing center.
首先需要理解,什么是智能制造?按照百科定義,智能是指獲取知識和技巧一種能力。而“人工智能”現(xiàn)在還沒有統(tǒng)一定義。這個概念,早在1952年就由圖靈提了出來?,F(xiàn)在,很多人把人工智能的解釋,句子越來越長,講的越來越復(fù)雜,最后大家都搞不清楚到底什么是人工智能了。其實(shí),人工智能簡單地說,就是人賦予機(jī)器的職能。具體地說,就是通過計算機(jī)的硬件和軟件,尤其是各種軟件,給機(jī)器賦予了智能,讓機(jī)器可以感受環(huán)境,意識到環(huán)境的變化,進(jìn)一步為決策者提供建議,拓展了人的智能,甚至在事前授權(quán)的情況下自主做出決定。
First you need to understand, what is intelligent manufacturing? By definition, intelligence is the ability to acquire knowledge and skills. There is no unified definition of "artificial intelligence". This concept, as far back as 1952, has been drawn up. now
如果說智能是指獲取知識和技能的一種能力,無可否認(rèn)的是,正是這些計算機(jī)輔助系統(tǒng)和工業(yè)軟件為制造業(yè)帶來了智能。因此,智能制造,簡單地說就是計算機(jī)制造,無需加上太多的修飾和太復(fù)雜的定義。
電腦比人腦更強(qiáng)大之處,不完全在于其強(qiáng)大的計算能力和存儲量,關(guān)鍵是其中運(yùn)行的軟件。如果沒有軟件,計算機(jī)也就是一堆金屬塑料。以此為基礎(chǔ),可以看看制造業(yè)信息化的發(fā)展,實(shí)際上也可以理解智能制造演進(jìn)的三個階段。
制造業(yè)信息化的發(fā)展,主要是圍繞著企業(yè)的業(yè)務(wù)運(yùn)行而展開。首先是企業(yè)內(nèi)部信息化,見圖1。這包括“四化一再造”,也就是研發(fā)信息化、產(chǎn)品信息化、生產(chǎn)信息化、管理信息化以及業(yè)務(wù)流程和組織再造。其中產(chǎn)品信息化,主要是指帶有嵌入式系統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)品,其復(fù)雜程度各不相同。理解產(chǎn)品信息化,對理解當(dāng)下的智能制造,非常重要。
The first is enterprise internal informatization, as shown in figure 1. This includes "four modernizations", namely, research and development informatization, product informatization, production informatization, management informatization, and business process and organizational reconstruction. The product informatization, mainly refers to the product with embedded system, its complexity degree is different. Understanding product informationization is very important for understanding the current intelligent manufacturing.
與此同時,企業(yè)還有一個上游供應(yīng)鏈和下游社會關(guān)系的問題,上游包括原材料、零部件、裝備和人員招聘等,下游則與銷售、銀行、客戶關(guān)系等相關(guān)聯(lián)。這些屬于企業(yè)的外部信息化問題。
At the same time, the enterprise has a supply chain upstream and downstream the problem of social relations, including upstream raw materials, spare parts, equipment and personnel recruitment and so on, the downstream is associated with sales, Banks, such as customer relationship. These are the external information problems of enterprises.
企業(yè)的內(nèi)部業(yè)務(wù)和外部業(yè)務(wù),構(gòu)成了企業(yè)信息化最基本的內(nèi)涵。企業(yè)信息化最早就是從數(shù)字化開始的。計算機(jī)剛剛發(fā)明的時候,本來是做科學(xué)計算的,很快就被用來做業(yè)務(wù)處理,提升管理效果。這是一個從下往上發(fā)展的過程,開始是做一些數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng),如財務(wù)管理,包括一些統(tǒng)計報表處理;隨后,逐漸上升到管理層,也就是開發(fā)管理信息系統(tǒng)(MIS),從財務(wù)管理、人事管理,到生產(chǎn)管理,一層層往上走;最后,上升到了決策層和開發(fā)決策信息系統(tǒng)(DSS)。企業(yè)信息化,一開始就是處在數(shù)字化時期。
However, the use of computers to transform the production equipment of an enterprise is actually much earlier than the management information system. In 1952, the second year of the invention of commercial electronic computers, a company in the United States developed a numerical control device to develop the first three-coordinate CNC milling machine. Although the milling machine is bulky and expensive, it opens up a new era of digital control. In 1958, the United States developed the first processing center.
然而,利用計算機(jī)來改造企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)裝備,實(shí)際上比管理信息系統(tǒng)起步還要早。1952年,即商用電子計算機(jī)發(fā)明的第二年,美國就有一家公司設(shè)計了一套數(shù)控裝置,開發(fā)了第一臺三坐標(biāo)數(shù)控銑床。盡管這個銑床體積很大,造價也很高,但是開辟了一個數(shù)字控制的新時代。1958年,美國研制出第一臺加工中心。這意味著,計算機(jī)改變制造業(yè)的時代,正式拉開了帷幕。隨后,隨著第一個微處理芯片的發(fā)明,各種各樣、數(shù)以億計的嵌入式系統(tǒng)開始嵌入到各種裝備、各種產(chǎn)品當(dāng)中去。制造業(yè)開始走向以數(shù)字制造技術(shù)為核心的計算機(jī)控制時代,當(dāng)時國內(nèi)叫做機(jī)電一體化。“機(jī)電一體化”這個提法沒有完全點(diǎn)到問題的本質(zhì),那就是計算機(jī)控制。
The manufacturing industry began to move towards the era of computer control centered on digital manufacturing technology, which was called mechatronics. "Electromechanical integration" is not the essence of the problem, which is computer control.This means that the era of computer change manufacturing has officially begun. Then, with the invention of the first microprocessor chip, various and billions of embedded systems began to be embedded in various devices and products.
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